گرامر پیشرفته: استفاده از صفت در رایتینگ آیلتس و تافل: ed or -ing-

گرامر پیشرفته: استفاده از صفت در رایتینگ آیلتس و تافل: ed or -ing-

We often use -ing and -ed participles as adjectives. We usually use them in the same positions as other adjectives:
Example:
A win, even by only one goal, would be a satisfying result.
I never find fast food very satisfying.
Recommendations from satisfied customers got our business off the ground.
We follow up every complaint from customers dissatisfied with our service.

Some participle adjectives (see the table below) can be used on their own before or after a noun:
The chosen song features innovative use of digital sampling.
The song chosen may be a disappointment to lovers of traditional ballads.

But some participle adjectives (see the table below) can only be used after a noun:
x Please dispose of your cigarettes in the provided ashtrays.
✓ Please dispose of your cigarettes in the ashtrays provided

Use:

When we use participles as adjectives, -ing participles have an active meaning and -ed participles have a passive meaning:
I always seem to play for the losing team. (= the team which is losing)
She found the lost ring under the sofa. (= the ring which had been lost)

We often use participles as adjectives to describe feelings or opinions. We use -ing participles to describe a feeling that something causes
It was a frightening film. (= it frightened us/it made us feel afraid)